1. 4- DATA REPRESENTATION 

 Data representation techniques that can be used for this process include but are not limited to:  

  • * Affinity diagrams.

  •  Affinity diagrams can organize potential causes of defects into

  • groups showing areas that should be focused on the most.  

  • * Cause-and-effect diagrams.

  •  Cause-and-effect diagrams are also known as fishbone

  • diagrams, why-why diagrams, or Ishikawa diagrams. This type of diagram breaks down

  • the causes of the problem statement identified into discrete branches, helping to

  • identify the main or root cause of the problem.  

  • * Flowcharts.

  •  Flowcharts show a series of steps that lead to a defect.  

  • * Histograms.

  •  Histograms show a graphical representation of numerical data.

  • Histograms can show the number of defects per deliverable, a ranking of the cause of

  • defects, the number of times each process is noncompliant, or other representations of

  • project or product defects.  

  • * Matrix diagrams.

  •  The matrix diagram seeks to show the strength of relationships

  • among factors, causes, and objectives that exist between the rows and columns that

  • form the matrix. Scatter diagrams. 

  1. 5- AUDITS  

An audit is a structured, independent process used to determine if project activities comply

with organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures. A quality audit is usually

conducted by a team external to the project, such as the organization's internal audit

department, PMO, or by an auditor external to the organization.  

  1. 6- DESIGN FOR X  

Design for X (DfX) is a set of technical guidelines that may be applied during the design of a

product for the optimization of a specific aspect of the design. DfX can control or even

improve the product's final characteristics.  

  1. 7- PROBLEM SOLVING  

Problem solving entails finding solutions for issues or challenges. It can include gathering

additional information, critical thinking, creative, quantitative and/or logical approaches.  

  1. 8- QUALITY IMPROVEMENT METHODS  

Quality improvements can occur based on findings and recommendations from quality

control processes, the findings of the quality audits, or problem solving in the Manage Quality process.